Lines of cars waiting to fill up at Iran's gas stations, even at night, have become a common sight as war and a U.S. blockade strain fuel supplies. The Iranian government struggles to respond while wary of reducing expensive subsidies that have previously prompted large-scale protests. Though Iran is rich in crude oil, its refining capacity has long been insufficient to meet gasoline demand.

The shortfall, just over a tenth of daily consumption, is usually made up by imports. Now those have been all but cut off by the continuing U.S. naval blockade of Iran's southern ports. Domestic production has also decreased since the U.S.-Israeli war, as strikes have damaged refineries.

Iranians in cities including Tehran, Isfahan, and Bandar Abbas report long lines. "Even when you pass through the streets around midnight, like 2 or 3 in the morning, you will see that there is a huge line of cars," said Reyhaneh, an unemployed teacher in Mashhad. The prospect of increased fuel prices compounds difficulties for Iranians facing 80 percent inflation and widespread job losses. The U.S. blockade aims to pressure Tehran over the Strait of Hormuz, a vital shipping waterway.

On Monday, the U.S. government announced additional sanctions on Iran and Iran-linked entities, hoping to force concessions. Officials are keenly aware that raising gas prices could set off new protests, recalling the violence following a sharp increase in 2019. Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf warns the government's "enemy" will exploit the issue.

Ayatollah Mojtaba Khamenei warns officials not to publicize government weaknesses, stating enemies seek to turn "cultural..." discontent against the state.