The New York Times has verified video evidence showing Israel's military deploying white phosphorus munitions over populated areas in Lebanon since March. Distinctive smoke trails were observed in Nabatieh and Tyre as Israeli forces battled Hezbollah, raising concerns about potential violations of international humanitarian law.

White phosphorus spontaneously ignites when exposed to air and is exceptionally difficult to extinguish. While not illegal itself, deploying it in populated areas violates international laws of war. The Israeli military claims its procedures comply with these requirements, though experts question the necessity given safer alternatives reportedly available.

The substance causes horrific burns that can penetrate to the bone and severe respiratory damage. More than 600 fires have reportedly broken out in southern Lebanon due to white phosphorus use. The environmental impact includes long-term contamination of soil and water, affecting civilians' access to land and requiring specialized clearance operations.