Core Data's architecture centers on a Core Data Stack that manages database operations. This stack connects one or more ManagedObjectContexts to a single PersistentStoreCoordinator, which in turn links to one or more PersistentStores. The entire structure exists to list, create, and manipulate NSManagedObject instances efficiently.

The stack's components each serve distinct roles. NSManagedObjectModel defines the database schema with entities and relationships. NSPersistentStore handles reading and writing data, with SQLite as the default option on iOS. A PersistentStoreCoordinator abstracts away the underlying storage details, allowing contexts to work without knowing the store type.

NSManagedObjectContext acts as a sandbox for creating and updating entities. Changes only persist after explicitly saving. Finally, NSPersistentContainer orchestrates the entire stack, managing all components and their interactions. This layered design simplifies complex data operations while providing flexibility for different storage backends.