Fields Medalist Terence Tao explores how artificial intelligence is transforming mathematical research in his recent essay. He argues that AI tools like large language models and automated theorem provers are becoming "copilots" for mathematicians, handling routine calculations and suggesting proof strategies.

Tao distinguishes between "formal" mathematics—where AI excels at verifying proofs in systems like Lean—and "informal" intuition that remains uniquely human. He notes that current AI can generate plausible but flawed arguments, requiring expert oversight.

The essay highlights three collaboration modes: AI as a calculator, as a search engine for literature, and as a creative partner suggesting conjectures. Tao predicts that within 5-10 years, AI will routinely assist in proving major theorems, though human judgment will remain essential for defining interesting problems.

He urges mathematicians to embrace these tools while maintaining rigorous standards, comparing the shift to the adoption of computers in the 20th century.