Gulf nations are turning to alternative security partners after Iranian attacks exposed the limits of U.S. defense guarantees. Saudi Arabia reached out to Ukraine for drone defense expertise, while the UAE secured help from France and Australia. Italy has also been approached to provide anti-drone and antiaircraft systems to multiple Gulf states.

Despite hosting major U.S. bases, Gulf states found their expensive American interceptors in short supply globally. Iran has fired over 3,000 missiles and drones at the six Gulf states since the U.S.-Israeli bombing campaign began February 28, killing at least 14 civilians and causing widespread damage to civilian infrastructure including airports and water desalination plants.

The economic toll has been severe, with Qatar halting liquefied natural gas production after energy facility damage and the UAE suspending flights. The attacks have effectively choked off the Strait of Hormuz, through which Gulf oil and natural gas must pass. Even pro-government businessmen and some officials are now questioning the value of U.S. ties, with one Emirati billionaire asking President Trump who gave him authority to drag the region into war.