The field of optogenetics traces back to light-seeking algae. Over decades, scientists identified genes active in different neuron populations, but deleting neurons had limits due to brain flexibility. Today’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine rewards Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Georg Nagel for developing optogenetics: using light to control nerve cells.
Nerve impulses are generated by ion channels. The Nobel Committee noted that earlier methods required multiple genes, specific chemicals, or damaging lasers. The solution came from single-celled algae called Chlamydomonas. Hegemann, at Berlin’s Humboldt University, hooked an electrode to it and showed light triggered ion influx. He spotted genes similar to a light-activated ion pump.
Hegemann collaborated with Nagel at the University of Würzburg. They found one gene let protons in, another allowed a broad range of positively charged ions. These discoveries enabled precise activation and shutdown of neurons in intact brains, transforming neuroscience research.
Source: Ars Technica · Summarized by HeadlinesBriefing