The threat of Iranian control over the Strait of Hormuz is driving Gulf nations to reconsider costly pipeline projects to secure oil exports. Saudi Arabia’s 1,200km East-West pipeline, built in the 1980s, is now a critical lifeline, delivering 7mn barrels of oil daily to the Red Sea. Executives like Aramco CEO Amin Nasser call it a “genius masterstroke” for avoiding Hormuz’s vulnerabilities. Now, Gulf leaders are exploring expanding this route or building new cross-border pipelines, though high costs and political hurdles persist.

A network of pipelines, not a single alternative, is seen as the most resilient solution, according to Atlantic Council’s Maisoon Kafafy. However, replicating the East-West pipeline today would cost at least $5bn, with multi-country routes estimated at $15bn–$20bn. Security risks, such as unexploded bombs in Iraq and militant activity, complicate projects. Ports in Oman, already affected by drone attacks, face additional challenges. Political coordination among Gulf states remains a major obstacle, as countries prioritize individual control over shared infrastructure.

Saudi Arabia is also considering expanding its Red Sea export capacity, including terminals for the Neom project. Abu Dhabi’s existing Fujairah pipeline is another potential expansion target. Meanwhile, US-led IMEC corridor plans, originally including a pipeline to Haifa, are being revisited. Executives like NewMed Energy’s Yossi Abu insist Mediterranean routes will materialize, emphasizing regional connectivity. Despite obstacles, energy firms report renewed interest in new projects, though decisions hinge on the Strait’s long-term stability.

The Gulf’s energy security strategy is shifting from hypotheticals to action. While no immediate decisions are expected, the urgency of the current crisis has accelerated discussions. As Kafafy notes, “the conversations have moved further along the chain,” signaling a permanent shift in regional planning. The focus now is on creating a diversified, resilient network to safeguard exports against geopolitical disruptions.