Solid-state batteries, which replace liquid electrolytes with solid materials, are attracting significant attention in the battery industry. Manufacturers like CATL, BYD, LG, and Samsung, along with numerous startups, are investing heavily in this technology. As of 2025, US and European startups have collectively raised over $4 billion for solid-state battery development.

The appeal of solid-state batteries lies in their potential advantages over current lithium-ion batteries. Replacing the flammable liquid electrolyte with a solid is expected to yield lighter batteries with greater energy density per unit mass and enhanced safety, reducing fire risks. This innovation stems from optimizing the chemical reactions that power batteries.

Conventional lithium-ion batteries rely on lithium ions and electrons moving between an anode and a cathode. Lithium's light atomic mass and the significant energy release when its electrons move to a lower potential make it ideal. However, current batteries require substantial supporting material for the electrolyte, cathode, and anode structures to enable controlled energy extraction and prevent dangerous, rapid reactions. Solid-state technology aims to streamline this structure, potentially offering a more efficient and safer energy storage solution.